270 Visitors Tracking The Tropics!
SHOW ME SOME LOVE AND SUPPORT
Website: TrackTheTropics.com/DONATE
Venmo: @TrackTheTropicsLouisiana
Cash App: Cash.App/$TrackTheTropics
Subscribe: FB.com/TrackTheTropics
Website: TrackTheTropics.com/DONATE
Venmo: @TrackTheTropicsLouisiana
Cash App: Cash.App/$TrackTheTropics
Subscribe: FB.com/TrackTheTropics
Track The Tropics is the #1 source to track the tropics 24/7! Since 2013 the main goal of the site is to bring all of the important links and graphics to ONE PLACE so you can keep up to date on any threats to land during the Atlantic Hurricane Season! Hurricane Season 2026 in the Atlantic starts on June 1st and ends on November 30th. Do you love Spaghetti Models? Well you've come to the right place!! Remember when you're preparing for a storm: Run from the water; hide from the wind!
Tropical Atlantic Weather Resources
- NOAA National Hurricane Center
- International Meteorology Database
- FSU Tropical Cyclone Track Probabilities
- Brian McNoldy Atlantic Headquarters
- Brian McNoldy Tropical Satellite Sectors
- Brian McNoldy Infrared Hovmoller
- Brian McNoldy Past TC Radar Loops
- Weather Nerds TC Guidance
- Twister Data Model Guidance
- NOAA Tropical Cyclone Tracks
- Albany GFS/ EURO Models/ Ensembles
- Albany Tropical Cyclone Guidance
- Albany Tropical Atlantic Model Maps
- Pivotal Weather Model Guidance
- Weather Online Model Guidance
- UKMet Model Guidance/ Analysis/ Sat
- ECMWF (EURO) Model Guidance
- FSU Tropical Model Outputs
- FSU Tropical Cyclone Genesis
- Penn State Tropical E-Wall
- NOAA HFIP Ruc Models
- Navy NRL TC Page
- College of DuPage Model Guidance
- WXCharts Model Guidance
- NOAA NHC Analysis Tools
- NOAA NHC ATCF Directory
- NOAA NCEP/EMC Cyclogenesis Tracking
- NOAA NCEP/EMC HWRF Model
- NOAA HFIP Model Products
- University of Miami Ocean Heat
- COLA Max Potential Hurricane Intensity
- Colorado State RAMMB TC Tracking
- Colorado State RAMMB Floaters
- Colorado State RAMMB GOES-16 Viewer
- NOAA NESDIS GOES Satellite
- ASCAT Ocean Surface Winds METOP-A
- ASCAT Ocean Surface Winds METOP-B
- Michael Ventrice Waves / MJO Maps
- TropicalAtlantic.com Analysis / Recon
- NCAR/RAL Tropical Cyclone Guidance
- CyclonicWX Tropical Resources
Historic Louisiana Storms By Month
January
June
July
August
September
October
2025 Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook
2 Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook
7 Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook
Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
- Tue, 25 Aug 2026 00:02:53 +0000: NHC Atlantic Tropical Weather Discussion - NHC Tropical Weather Discussion (Atlantic)
000
AXNT20 KNHC 250002
TWDAT
Tropical Weather Discussion
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
0015 UTC Tue Aug 25 2026
Tropical Weather Discussion for North America, Central America
Gulf of America, Caribbean Sea, northern sections of South
America, and Atlantic Ocean to the African coast from the
Equator to 31N. The following information is based on satellite
imagery, weather observations, radar and meteorological analysis.
Based on 1800 UTC surface analysis and satellite imagery through
2330 UTC.
...SPECIAL FEATURES...
Central Subtropical Atlantic (Invest AL95): Satellite-wind data
indicate that the low-level circulation associated with an area of
low pressure centered a few hundred nautical miles east-
southeast of Bermuda remains broad and somewhat elongated. Fresh
to strong southerly winds are noted mainly on the NE side of the
low, north of 25N between 52W and 60W, where seas are 5 to 8 ft,
highest just north of the area. Scattered moderate isolated strong
convection is noted from 22N to 35N between 52W and 60W.
Environmental conditions are only marginally conducive for further
development, but this system could become a short- lived tropical
depression or storm through Tuesday while it moves northward then
north-northeastward, and well northeast of Bermuda. By Wednesday,
the low is forecast to move over cold waters, ending its
formation chances. This system has a medium chance of tropical
cyclone formation in the next 48 hours.
Eastern Tropical Atlantic (Invest AL96): A tropical wave and
associated area of low pressure have exited Africa today, and are
over the far eastern Atlantic a few hundred miles southeast of
the Cabo Verde islands. This system is producing scattered
moderate isolated strong convection from 07N to 14N E of 27W.
Presently these showers and thunderstorms do not show signs of
organization. However, this system could become a tropical
depression during the next few days while it moves westward to
west- northwestward at 15 to 20 mph across the eastern and central
tropical Atlantic. Environmental conditions could become less
conducive for development by the weekend. This system has a medium
chance of tropical cyclone formation in the next 7 days.
Please refer to the latest NHC Tropical Weather Outlook at website:
https://www.hurricanes.gov/text/MIATWOAT.shtml for more details on
these features.
...TROPICAL WAVES...
A far eastern Atlantic tropical wave and associated area of low
pressure has moved away from the west coast of Africa , and is
near 19W, and is described above. 1010 mb low pressure is
analyzed near the wave at 11N18.5W.
An central Atlantic tropical wave has its axis near 43W, south of
19N, moving westward around 15 kt. Please refer to the Monsoon
Trough/ITCZ section below for details on any nearby convection as
it is elongated along the ITCZ axis.
An Atlantic tropical wave has its axis along 60W south of 21N,
moving westward around 10 kt. Convection near the wave is limited,
however some widely scattered showers near the axis are occurring
inland over Venezuela.
A central Caribbean tropical wave is near 72W south of 21N to
northwest Venezuela, moving westward around 10 kt. Scattered
moderate convection is noted near the wave over land, across
Hispaniola, and over NW Venezuela and NE Colombia.
...MONSOON TROUGH/ITCZ...
The monsoon trough axis enters the Atlantic through the coast of
Africa near 14N16.5W and continues southwestward to low pressure
near 11N18.5W 1010 mb to 12N37W to 08N45W. The ITCZ extends from
08N45W to 06N51W to 08N59W. Aside from the convection associated
with the tropical waves described above, scattered moderate
isolated strong convection is noted from 05N to 13N between 36W
and 57W.
...GULF OF AMERICA...
A large cluster of moderate to strong thunderstorms has shifted
southward throughout the afternoon and is now along and within
120 nm of the coasts from Panama City, FL to the Atchafalaya Bay,
LA. 1018 mb high pressure is centered over the central Gulf near
26N87W, and is generally producing light to gentle anticyclonic winds
across the basin, except moderate NE winds in the eastern Bay of
Campeche. Slight seas of 3 ft or less prevail over the basin per
buoy observations.
For the forecast, weak high pressure will remain centered over NE
Gulf through Wed, with the western Atlantic ridge remaining
dominate over the basin thereafter. This will maintain gentle to
locally moderate winds and slight seas into the weekend. A surface
trough will generate locally fresh winds north and west of the
Yucatan Peninsula in the early evenings through the period.
...CARIBBEAN SEA...
The pressure gradient between weak high pressure over the western
Atlantic and relatively lower pressure in northern South America
continues to allow for moderate to fresh trade winds over the
central Caribbean from the coast of Hispaniola to the coasts of NW
Venezuela and northern Colombia, with a narrow zone of strong
winds along the coasts near the Gulf of Venezuela and far NE
Colombia. Seas are generally 5 to 7 ft with these trades.
Moderate to fresh trades and moderate seas are elsewhere from 11N
to 18N, with gentle to moderate trades and moderate seas
elsewhere. Scattered moderate isolated strong convection is
occurring from 09N to 15.5N W of 80W, including over portions of
northern Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
For the forecast, the current pattern across the region will
continue to maintain fresh to strong trades and resultant rough
seas over the south- central Caribbean this week. Elsewhere,
mainly moderate to fresh trades and moderate seas will prevail,
aside from light to gentle winds and slight seas in the NW part of
the basin. Winds will pulse at times through the week following
passages several tropical waves that will quickly move west across
the basin.
...ATLANTIC OCEAN...
Please refer to the Special Features section for more details on
low pressure, Invest AL95, with the potential for tropical
cyclone formation, and on Invest AL96, a tropical wave that has
recently emerged off Africa.
A weak surface trough is analyzed across the western Atlantic
extending SW through 31N74W to the NW Bahamas. Isolated to widely
scattered showers and a few thunderstorms are within 60 nm of this
trough. Moderate SW winds are occurring north of this through.
1018 mb high pressure is east of this feature near 29N72W. South
of this high, fresh E-SE winds are noted from the southern
Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands to near the approach to the
Windward Passage. Gentle to moderate winds prevail elsewhere
north of 20N and west of 61W. Slight to moderate seas prevail
north of 20N and west of 61W. Scattered moderate convection is
noted from 26N to 31N between 67W and 73W, supported by an upper
level low to the SW of Bermuda.
Elongated low pressure and attendant surface troughs prevail over
the waters N of 23N between 53W and 62W and described above with
Invest AL96.
Another pair of weak surface troughs are in the NE portion of the
basin from near the Canary Islands westward as the remnants of an
old frontal boundary. No significant convection is noted near
these features. Otherwise, broad high pressure ridging prevails.
Moderate to fresh trades dominate from north of the monsoon trough
and ITCZ between Africa and 56W, with 5 to 8 ft seas. Winds are
mainly moderate and seas moderate across any remainder waters.
For the forecast west of 55W, low pressure of 1016 mb centered
near 30N61W is producing scattered moderate convection and strong
S winds E of its center to about 52W. This low is showing signs
of tropical organization, but will move N and out of the area by
tonight. Additional development of this system is possible, and a
short- lived tropical depression or storm could form through Tue
well E or NE of Bermuda. Regardless of development, conditions
will improve over area waters by Tue as the system moves away.
Elsewhere, weak high pressure will prevail, with moderate to
fresh trades will prevail S of 23N, with slightly higher winds
pulsing at times as the northern extent of tropical waves most
westward across the far southern waters into the weekend.
$$
Stripling
Tropical Weather Discussion
- Tue, 25 Aug 2026 00:02:53 +0000: NHC Atlantic Tropical Weather Discussion - NHC Tropical Weather Discussion (Atlantic)
000
AXNT20 KNHC 250002
TWDAT
Tropical Weather Discussion
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
0015 UTC Tue Aug 25 2026
Tropical Weather Discussion for North America, Central America
Gulf of America, Caribbean Sea, northern sections of South
America, and Atlantic Ocean to the African coast from the
Equator to 31N. The following information is based on satellite
imagery, weather observations, radar and meteorological analysis.
Based on 1800 UTC surface analysis and satellite imagery through
2330 UTC.
...SPECIAL FEATURES...
Central Subtropical Atlantic (Invest AL95): Satellite-wind data
indicate that the low-level circulation associated with an area of
low pressure centered a few hundred nautical miles east-
southeast of Bermuda remains broad and somewhat elongated. Fresh
to strong southerly winds are noted mainly on the NE side of the
low, north of 25N between 52W and 60W, where seas are 5 to 8 ft,
highest just north of the area. Scattered moderate isolated strong
convection is noted from 22N to 35N between 52W and 60W.
Environmental conditions are only marginally conducive for further
development, but this system could become a short- lived tropical
depression or storm through Tuesday while it moves northward then
north-northeastward, and well northeast of Bermuda. By Wednesday,
the low is forecast to move over cold waters, ending its
formation chances. This system has a medium chance of tropical
cyclone formation in the next 48 hours.
Eastern Tropical Atlantic (Invest AL96): A tropical wave and
associated area of low pressure have exited Africa today, and are
over the far eastern Atlantic a few hundred miles southeast of
the Cabo Verde islands. This system is producing scattered
moderate isolated strong convection from 07N to 14N E of 27W.
Presently these showers and thunderstorms do not show signs of
organization. However, this system could become a tropical
depression during the next few days while it moves westward to
west- northwestward at 15 to 20 mph across the eastern and central
tropical Atlantic. Environmental conditions could become less
conducive for development by the weekend. This system has a medium
chance of tropical cyclone formation in the next 7 days.
Please refer to the latest NHC Tropical Weather Outlook at website:
https://www.hurricanes.gov/text/MIATWOAT.shtml for more details on
these features.
...TROPICAL WAVES...
A far eastern Atlantic tropical wave and associated area of low
pressure has moved away from the west coast of Africa , and is
near 19W, and is described above. 1010 mb low pressure is
analyzed near the wave at 11N18.5W.
An central Atlantic tropical wave has its axis near 43W, south of
19N, moving westward around 15 kt. Please refer to the Monsoon
Trough/ITCZ section below for details on any nearby convection as
it is elongated along the ITCZ axis.
An Atlantic tropical wave has its axis along 60W south of 21N,
moving westward around 10 kt. Convection near the wave is limited,
however some widely scattered showers near the axis are occurring
inland over Venezuela.
A central Caribbean tropical wave is near 72W south of 21N to
northwest Venezuela, moving westward around 10 kt. Scattered
moderate convection is noted near the wave over land, across
Hispaniola, and over NW Venezuela and NE Colombia.
...MONSOON TROUGH/ITCZ...
The monsoon trough axis enters the Atlantic through the coast of
Africa near 14N16.5W and continues southwestward to low pressure
near 11N18.5W 1010 mb to 12N37W to 08N45W. The ITCZ extends from
08N45W to 06N51W to 08N59W. Aside from the convection associated
with the tropical waves described above, scattered moderate
isolated strong convection is noted from 05N to 13N between 36W
and 57W.
...GULF OF AMERICA...
A large cluster of moderate to strong thunderstorms has shifted
southward throughout the afternoon and is now along and within
120 nm of the coasts from Panama City, FL to the Atchafalaya Bay,
LA. 1018 mb high pressure is centered over the central Gulf near
26N87W, and is generally producing light to gentle anticyclonic winds
across the basin, except moderate NE winds in the eastern Bay of
Campeche. Slight seas of 3 ft or less prevail over the basin per
buoy observations.
For the forecast, weak high pressure will remain centered over NE
Gulf through Wed, with the western Atlantic ridge remaining
dominate over the basin thereafter. This will maintain gentle to
locally moderate winds and slight seas into the weekend. A surface
trough will generate locally fresh winds north and west of the
Yucatan Peninsula in the early evenings through the period.
...CARIBBEAN SEA...
The pressure gradient between weak high pressure over the western
Atlantic and relatively lower pressure in northern South America
continues to allow for moderate to fresh trade winds over the
central Caribbean from the coast of Hispaniola to the coasts of NW
Venezuela and northern Colombia, with a narrow zone of strong
winds along the coasts near the Gulf of Venezuela and far NE
Colombia. Seas are generally 5 to 7 ft with these trades.
Moderate to fresh trades and moderate seas are elsewhere from 11N
to 18N, with gentle to moderate trades and moderate seas
elsewhere. Scattered moderate isolated strong convection is
occurring from 09N to 15.5N W of 80W, including over portions of
northern Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
For the forecast, the current pattern across the region will
continue to maintain fresh to strong trades and resultant rough
seas over the south- central Caribbean this week. Elsewhere,
mainly moderate to fresh trades and moderate seas will prevail,
aside from light to gentle winds and slight seas in the NW part of
the basin. Winds will pulse at times through the week following
passages several tropical waves that will quickly move west across
the basin.
...ATLANTIC OCEAN...
Please refer to the Special Features section for more details on
low pressure, Invest AL95, with the potential for tropical
cyclone formation, and on Invest AL96, a tropical wave that has
recently emerged off Africa.
A weak surface trough is analyzed across the western Atlantic
extending SW through 31N74W to the NW Bahamas. Isolated to widely
scattered showers and a few thunderstorms are within 60 nm of this
trough. Moderate SW winds are occurring north of this through.
1018 mb high pressure is east of this feature near 29N72W. South
of this high, fresh E-SE winds are noted from the southern
Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands to near the approach to the
Windward Passage. Gentle to moderate winds prevail elsewhere
north of 20N and west of 61W. Slight to moderate seas prevail
north of 20N and west of 61W. Scattered moderate convection is
noted from 26N to 31N between 67W and 73W, supported by an upper
level low to the SW of Bermuda.
Elongated low pressure and attendant surface troughs prevail over
the waters N of 23N between 53W and 62W and described above with
Invest AL96.
Another pair of weak surface troughs are in the NE portion of the
basin from near the Canary Islands westward as the remnants of an
old frontal boundary. No significant convection is noted near
these features. Otherwise, broad high pressure ridging prevails.
Moderate to fresh trades dominate from north of the monsoon trough
and ITCZ between Africa and 56W, with 5 to 8 ft seas. Winds are
mainly moderate and seas moderate across any remainder waters.
For the forecast west of 55W, low pressure of 1016 mb centered
near 30N61W is producing scattered moderate convection and strong
S winds E of its center to about 52W. This low is showing signs
of tropical organization, but will move N and out of the area by
tonight. Additional development of this system is possible, and a
short- lived tropical depression or storm could form through Tue
well E or NE of Bermuda. Regardless of development, conditions
will improve over area waters by Tue as the system moves away.
Elsewhere, weak high pressure will prevail, with moderate to
fresh trades will prevail S of 23N, with slightly higher winds
pulsing at times as the northern extent of tropical waves most
westward across the far southern waters into the weekend.
$$
Stripling
Active Tropical Systems
- Wed, 26 Aug 2026 11:08:20 +0000: There are no tropical cyclones at this time. - NHC Atlantic
No tropical cyclones as of Tue, 25 Aug 2026 02:16:15 GMT - Mon, 24 Aug 2026 23:08:20 +0000: Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook - NHC Atlantic
000
ABNT20 KNHC 242308
TWOAT
Tropical Weather Outlook
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
800 PM EDT Mon Aug 24 2026
For the North Atlantic...Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America:
Central Subtropical Atlantic (AL95):
An area of low pressure located a couple of hundred miles east
of Bermuda is moving northward at 15 to 20 mph. Although the
shower activity is showing signs of organization, the circulation
remains broad and elongated. This system could become a
short-lived tropical depression or storm on Tuesday before it moves
over cool waters and into unfavorable environmental conditions
Tuesday night and Wednesday.
* Formation chance through 48 hours...medium...50 percent.
* Formation chance through 7 days...medium...50 percent.
Eastern Tropical Atlantic (AL96):
A tropical wave and associated area of low pressure over the far
eastern Atlantic a few hundred miles southeast of the Cabo Verde
islands is producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms. This
system could become a tropical depression during the next few days
while it moves westward to west-northwestward at 15 to 20 mph across
the eastern and central tropical Atlantic. Environmental conditions
could become less conducive for development by the weekend.
* Formation chance through 48 hours...medium...40 percent.
* Formation chance through 7 days...medium...60 percent.
$$
Forecaster Cangialosi
Scheduled Reconnaissance Flight Plans
- Mon, 24 Aug 2026 13:50:42 +0000: Weather Reconnaissance Flights Plan of the Day - Weather Reconnaissance Flights Plan of the Day
000
NOUS42 KNHC 241350
REPRPD
WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHTS
CARCAH, NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER, MIAMI, FL.
0950 AM EDT MON 24 AUGUST 2026
SUBJECT: TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY (TCPOD)
VALID 25/1100Z TO 26/1100Z AUGUST 2026
TCPOD NUMBER.....26-085
I. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS
1. NEGATIVE RECONNAISSANCE REQUIREMENTS.
2. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY.....NEGATIVE.
II. PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS
1. NEGATIVE RECONNAISSANCE REQUIREMENTS.
2. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY.....NEGATIVE.
$$
WJM
NNNN
Marine Weather Discussion
- Mon, 17 May 2021 15:22:40 +0000: NHC Marine Weather Discussion - NHC Marine Weather Discussion
000
AGXX40 KNHC 171522
MIMATS
Marine Weather Discussion
NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL
1122 AM EDT Mon May 17 2021
Marine Weather Discussion for the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea,
and Tropical North Atlantic from 07N to 19N between 55W and 64W
and the Southwest North Atlantic including the Bahamas
This is the last Marine Weather Discussion issued by the National
Hurricane Center. For marine information, please see the Tropical
Weather Discussion at: hurricanes.gov.
...GULF OF MEXICO...
High pressure along the middle Atlantic coasts extending SW to
the NE Gulf will remain generally stationary throughout the
week. This will support moderate to fresh E to SE winds over the
basin through Tue. Winds will increase to fresh to strong late
Tue through Fri as low pressure deepens across the Southern
Plains.
...CARIBBEAN SEA AND TROPICAL N ATLANTIC FROM 07N TO 19N BETWEEN
55W AND 64W...
A ridge NE of the Caribbean Sea will shift eastward and weaken,
diminishing winds and seas modestly through Wed. Trade winds
will increase basin wide Wed night through Fri night as high
pressure builds across the western Atlantic.
...SW N ATLANTIC INCLUDING THE BAHAMAS...
A weakening frontal boundary from 25N65W to the central Bahamas
will drift SE and dissipate through late Tue. Its remnants will
drift N along 23N-24N. The pressure gradient between high
pressure off of Hatteras and the frontal boundary will support
an area of fresh to strong easterly winds N of 23N and W of 68W
with seas to 11 ft E of the Bahamas late Tue through Fri.
$$
.WARNINGS...Any changes impacting coastal NWS offices will be
coordinated through AWIPS II Collaboration Chat, or by
telephone:
.GULF OF MEXICO...
None.
.CARIBBEAN SEA AND TROPICAL N ATLANTIC FROM 07N TO 19N BETWEEN
55W AND 64W...
None.
.SW N ATLANTIC INCLUDING THE BAHAMAS...
None.
$$
*For detailed zone descriptions, please visit:
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/abouttafbprod.shtml#OWF
Note: gridded marine forecasts are available in the National
Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) at:
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/marine/grids.php
For additional information, please visit:
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/marine
$$
.Forecaster GR. National Hurricane Center.
Atlantic Tropical Monthly Summary
- Thu, 01 May 2025 13:04:51 +0000: Atlantic Monthly Tropical Weather Summary - Atlantic Monthly Tropical Weather Summary
000<br />ABNT30 KNHC 011304<br />TWSAT <br /><br />Monthly Tropical Weather Summary<br />NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL<br />900 AM EDT Thu May 1 2025<br /><br />This is the last National Hurricane Center (NHC) Tropical Weather <br />Summary (TWS) text product that will be issued for the Atlantic <br />basin. The tropical cyclone statistics from the TWS will be found <br />on hurricanes.gov beginning with the 2025 hurricane season. This <br />change will allow for more frequent updates to the statistics and <br />the addition of graphics and links to supporting information that <br />this text only format cannot support. An account of tropical <br />cyclone names, classification (i.e., tropical depression, tropical <br />storm, or hurricane), and maximum sustained wind speed will be found <br />on hurricanes.gov at this url beginning around July 1: <br /><br />https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?basin=atl<br /><br />A sample webpage is provided here, with the "2023 Atlantic Summary <br />Table (PDF)" example linked below the Tropical Cyclone Reports <br />(TCRs):<br /><br />https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2023&basin=atl <br /><br />This information will be updated no less frequently than monthly <br />during the hurricane season and will be updated after the season's <br />TCRs are completed to document the official record of the season's <br />tropical cyclone activity. Previously, the statistics and data in <br />the TWS were based on real-time operational assessments and were <br />not updated when the season's TCRs were complete. The new <br />web-based format allows the information to be updated once the <br />post-analysis for the season is complete. <br /><br />For more information, see Service Change Notice 25-22: Migration of <br />the Tropical Weather Summary Information from Text Product Format to <br />hurricanes.gov:<br /><br />https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/pdf_2025/scn25-<br />22_moving_info_from_tws_to_hurricanes.gov.pdf





